City Forest and Trees
Baltimore City Forest Conservancy District Board	

Vol. 9, No2                                                              Baltimore	
Maryland                                                                 Fall 2000	

The Red Buckeye
Aesculus pavia 
By Jerry Moudry 
If you are looking for something different in a small tree or a large shrub, then try this one, Aesculus pavia.  Its leaves are palmately compound (5 ‑7 leaflets); which could be glaborous or pubescent beneath but a lustrous green on the top surface. The leaves come out in March or April followed by flowers in early May. Flowers are arranged along a 4‑8" upright stalk and are red in color.  Fruits ripen in late summer. The fruit is an ovoid dehiscent one to three seeded capsule.  (Collected seed should be sown immediately, or stored in a refrigerator).

This plant can be grown as a single trunk tree or a multi‑stemmed plant, reaching a height of 18‑20 feet. It can be grown in full sun or shade. In shade it tends to be a more open plant. It prefers a moist soil with plenty of humus.  Seedlings are known to flower at 2‑3 years of age.
There is no appreciable fall color to the leaves.  All seedlings I have grown of this species have flowered red.  It is a native from Virginia to Florida, Louisiana and Texas and was introduced in 1711. Many of the Red Buckeyes growing in Cylburn Arboretum were introduced there about 1960.

Viburnum prunifolium
By Adelaide Rackemann

A viburnum that doesn't look like a viburnum is Blackhaw Viburnum or Viburnum prunifolium.  While it may be planted, as are other viburnums, as a shrub, it is more often seen as a small tree. Instead of a multi - stem shrub, it can be trained to a single stem. Generally, it grows to 12 ‑ 15 feet high, sometimes higher. Flowers are creamy white, appearing as a flat‑topped cyme 2-4 inches in diameter in May. The fruit is an oval half - inch drupe that is pinkish rose and turns to bluish black at maturity.
The small, oval leaves are smooth, contrasting with those of other viburnums, and have a varied fall color, ranging from purple to dull red to bronze. While many of the hawthorns do not have colorful fall foliage, Viburnum prunifolium is sometimes planted in place of hawthorn, having both the advantage of fall color and being pest free.
Viburnum prunifolium grows in the wild from Connecticut to Florida and is not particular about growing conditions.  It was introduced in l727 and the fruit was used for preserves by the colonists.

 Windbreaks
By Adelaide Rackemann
The main reason for having a windbreak is to protect your house and garden.  A windbreak is simply a barrier consisting of trees or hedges planted to protect against the prevailing winds.  It is usually a single or double row of trees.  It is useful during the winter, since, if it is properly placed, it can cut down on fuel bills.  In summer it protects the garden from hot, drying winds.

The trees should be planted close together and, in our climate, almost any kind of tree can be used.  Evergreens are especially helpful.  Among the deciduous trees lending themselves well to use as windbreaks are: Green Ash; Honey Locust; Willows and Poplars. In the Great Plains, where heavy snows are prevalent, windbreaks (or shelter belts, as they are sometimes called) help trap the snow and keep it from drifting.  In the east, people living near the seashore or on hilltops benefit most by having windbreaks.
In general, if a windbreak is to be effective, it should be located between 20 and 75 feet from the house and planted so that the prevailing winds will hit it broadside.  Usually, the closer to the house the windbreak is the better the protection. Also, the windbreak should be longer than the area to be protected.
For small areas, hedges may be more attractive, using an evergreen or dense deciduous plant material.  The plants should be staggered in a double row and regularly pruned.

** ** * * * *
Do not plant trees or shrubs under a power line.
If planting near a street or if in doubt about a suitable species to use for planting, consult the City Forestry Section: 410   396 ‑ 6108.

Notes on American Forestry
 by Robert Patrick Adams
Forestry education in the United States became formalized in 1900 when Yale University offered college level courses in that field with the opening of its school of forestry. The school was funded through donations by the Pinchot’s, the family of Gifford Pinchot, who may well deserve the title of America's first professional forester. His work in designing a plan for national forest conservation standards is still practiced today. Sixty years later, the Pinchot vision had borne well‑established results with twenty‑four colleges and universities giving degrees and accredited by the Society of American foresters.
The foundation courses set then by the Society are largely followed today. They are rather strict standards, modified in some degree by the introduction of advanced technology. The schools are required to meet regional accreditation criteria before any professional certification is granted.
The teaching institution must offer basic undergraduate courses in both the biological and the physical sciences, the social sciences, in engineering and the humanities. The forestry department must have a minimum of five faculty members teaching the following courses:
silviculture, courses dealing with the development and care of forests, forest management, forest protection, forest economics, and forest utilization. The department, school, division, or college of forestry must offer a program of instruction leading to a professional bachelor's or master's degree for at least five years.
The Society requires that additional standards be met to grant certification. It first reviews the status of forestry as compared to other college or university departments or divisions; the quality and duties of the forestry faculty; how well supporting departments interrelate with forestry; the financial support given by the institution to the forestry department, its equipment, space, laboratories, faculty accommodations and support; the adequacy of field facilities and instruction; and the history of the forestry program, including the outcomes, and the career satisfaction, of its graduates.
The Allegany College of Maryland (Cumberland, Allegany County) offers a two year program leading to an Associate in Applied Science degree, Forestry Technology. Starting this fall, the University of Maryland, College Park, will offer a bachelor’s degree in Urban Forestry.

Careers Workshop
By Meredith Millspaugh
Two Baltimore High School students were awarded all‑expense‑paid participation in this years Awareness Week for Forestry and Natural Resource Careers Workshop.	The workshop is sponsored by the Maryland Association of Forest Conservancy District Boards and the Maryland DNR. The student’s expenses will be paid by the Baltimore City Forestry Board.

Brandon Herring, a sophomore at Baltimore Polytechnical Institute with an interest in geology, was nominated for his ingenuity in Science Fair projects, and his exemplary performance in school activities in academics,  sports,  and in extra curricular volunteer work. "I am interested in this week‑long workshop because it would afford me the opportunity to learn more about the practices, issues and challenges that professionals in forestry and natural resource management must face as they do their jobs," said Brandon.			
Becky Berkshire, a junior at Dundalk High School was nominated for her volunteer work in Wild Bird Rescue at the Carrie Murray Nature Center.  Focusing on the habits of birds and animals in the wild, she is interested in a career as a naturalist or in veterinary medicine.  In the past five years, she has received recognition in leadership, academics and sports.  About the workshop she said, "I would like to learn more about the specific environment and habitats in which the wildlife can live.  This workshop can help me be better prepared for college."
The workshop, located at Camp Hickory in Garrett County, was held the week of July 31‑ August 4, 2000. Two students were selected from each county and Baltimore City to represent that area's Forest Conservancy District Board.  The 48 students, working in small groups, were led by approximately fifteen professional foresters and environmental specialists.  The students had an opportunity to handle technical equipment and participate in tree climbing, water testing, animal tracking, map and compass use and fire control.

JONES FALLS VALLEY CELEBRATION
The third annual Jones Falls Valley Celebration will take place Saturday, September 16, and Sunday, September 17.  Among the activities will be canoeing and kayaking down the Jones Falls, from Lake Roland to Meadow Mill. Bring your own boat. There will be strolling, biking, and skating the JFX from the UB parking lot. Other activities include rock climbing and nature walks. There will be exhibits as well as food at the celebration festival on Falls Road in front of the Baltimore Streetcar Museum.  For more information call 410 377 8882 or 410 730 3514. To volunteer to help call 410 261 3515.

 Topping Trees Is Bad News
By Chris Stuhlinger
Topping is an unacceptable pruning practice that can lead to stress, decay, and hazardous conditions in trees.  Even so, hundreds of trees are topped, headed, or rounded over every year in the Baltimore area because a homeowner may feel that a tree has become too large. Topping occurs when tree branches are cut back leaving stubs or lateral branches that are not large enough to assume normal growth.  Crown reduction by topping does not work, and can injure a tree in several ways.
Topping reduces the leaf-bearing crown of a tree by 50-100%, thereby removing most or all of the food-producing capabilities it may have.  New buds become active and rapidly-growing shoots develop at each cut to make up for the sudden loss of leaves.  This will stress the tree by depleting any stored food reserves and making it vulnerable to insect and disease attacks.  The sudden exposure of the inner branches and trunk to high levels of sunlight can also lead to injury of the wood tissues.  Proper pruning would remove no more than 25% to 30% of the leaf-bearing crown.
Large wounds take longer to close over, and stubs will decay when a topping cut is made.   Proper pruning cuts are made just beyond the branch collar near the branch’s point of attachment.  Such pruning cuts are usually smaller and less numerous, and also heal over more readily.  Decay resulting from improper topping cuts is likely to spread through the remaining wood.
The shoots that develop below a topping cut are only weakly attached to the outermost wood layers, unlike normal branches that are anchored deeper in the wood tissues.  These shoots, which can grow 10-20 feet per year, are much more subject to breaking.   The tree becomes a hazard and a potential liability to the tree’s owner.  Although hazardous conditions could take some time to develop, the owner may still be held liable even years after the topping occurred. 
Topped trees often require pruning again in only a few years to remove shoots and decayed areas.  The trees appear disfigured and lose their natural graceful form.  Properly pruned and maintained trees leave little or no indication that pruning even occurred, and can add 10-20% to property values.

If a tree’s crown must be reduced in size or thinned, proper pruning cuts will avoid the problems mentioned above.  Never should more than 1/3 of the crown be removed.  Selected branches should be removed back to their point of attachment, or to a lateral branch that is at least 1/3 the diameter of the branch being removed without leaving stubs.
Tree professionals working in Maryland must be licensed by the Department of Natural Resources as Tree Care Experts.  They must demonstrate knowledge of proper tree care practices and carry a minimum amount of liability insurance.  Always ask for the tree expert license number, proof of current insurance, and references.  A written contract of work to be performed, as well as a receipt, is suggested also.  For more information, contact the Maryland DNR Forest Service at 410-665-5820 or 410-836-4551. (Information on topping adapted from the International Society of Arboriculture)

Web News
Parks and People Foundation
The Baltimore City Forestry Board is a partner in Revitalizing Baltimore. This project is funded by the U.S. Forest Service and managed by the Parks & People Foundation in cooperation with the Maryland State Forester. As a sponsor of the Baltimore City Forestry Board, we wish to thank the P&P for their support. Their web page is located at http://www.parksandpeople.org	

Baltimore City Forestry Board The BCFB web page is located at: http://www.baltocfb.sailorsite.net/BCFB.html

The Baltimore City Forest Conservancy District Board is an advocacy panel to the Maryland Department of Natural Resources‑Forest, Wildlife and Heritage Service.

Board: 
Robert Black, Chairman
Ken Williams, Vice‑Chairman 
Richard Edson, Treasurer
Chris Stuhlinger, Secretary/Technical Adviser 
Tom Green
Meredith Millspaugh
Russ Moss
Gerard Moudry 
Adelaide Rackemann			
Ann Lundy
Sandra Sparks
Patrick Adams
Joe Burch, Baltimore City Arborist/Technical Adviser
Marion Bedingfield, City Forestry/Technical Adviser
Mike Grant, Maryland Forestry Boards/Executive Director