City Forest and Trees
Baltimore City Forest Conservancy District Board	

Vol. 10, No1                                                           Baltimore,	
Maryland                                                          SPRING 2001	

The Willow Oak
Quercus phellos 
By Adelaide Rackemann 
The Willow Oak doesn't really look like an oak ‑‑ or at least the oaks we are used to seeing.  It has a narrow leaf, dark green, shiny above and hairy beneath when young, but later smooth and light green. The leaves are alternate, as are those of all oaks, and are 2 to 5" long.  The leaf is pointed at both ends, with the bristle at the top. There are no lobes, teeth or wavy edges.

Other characteristics of Quercus phellos are the acorn cup (very shallow and saucer‑like), the dark, thick and reddish brown, shallowly grooved bark, slender branches, and a dull yellow color of the foliage.  Flowers appear in May, the staminate ones in slim, hairy catkins, and pistillate flowers on smooth slender stalks.
Native to the coastal plain, the Willow Oak is found from south‑ east New York to north‑east Florida.  But it is also found in the Mississippi Valley as far north as Illinois, south‑east Missouri and south‑east Oklahoma. While it grows in swamp lands, it is sometimes seen on hillsides.   It has no value as timber, but is considered a fine shade tree and reaches a height of about 70 feet.
This is an attractive tree, well suited to city planting.  In fact, it is one of 40 species of trees the Baltimore Forestry Division will soon be planting.
Illustration from Trees Of Pennsylvania, the Atlantic States and The Lake States, by Hui‑lin Li.  Published by the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1972.

North Avenue Beautification Project
By Russ Moss
The Baltimore City Forestry Board is leading a JOINT BEAUTIFICATION PROJECT to beautify the median strips of North Avenue from Madison Avenue to Mount Royal Ave. Our goal, with the help of the neighboring communities and institutions, is to 

transform these barren attractive spaces into a landscape with trees, shrubs, ornamental grasses, flowers and urban sculpture.
The concept has been presented to and favorably received by the communities and some institutions closest to that stretch of North Avenue. The Director of Baltimore City’s Department of Public Works, George Winfield, has expressed an interest in working with the project. During the coming months we hope the city can do the site preparation so that Phase I of this project, planting the trees, can take place by Autumn, 2001. Flowers, shrubs and sculptures will be added in 
Phase II.
This JOINT BEAUTIFICATION PROJECT can change the negative image long associated with North Avenue and revitalize one of Baltimore's main East/West thoroughfares to an attractive esplanade. And when this vision becomes a reality the model can be repeated elsewhere to bring some more charm to Charm City.

Crepe Myrtle
By Jerry Moudry
When considering a small tree that is attractive at many times of the year, we should consider the use of Lagerstroemia (Crepe Myrtle). Usually grown as a medium size multi‑stemmed shrub, or a single stem small tree, it is best grown in full sun and well‑drained soil.  It is a good plant for a small space or in the city. Most of the cultivars now offered are mildew‑resistant and are generally insect‑free. Summer foliage is excellent in a range of green, with beautiful summer flowers, and with age many of the cultivars develop showy bark that ranges from cinnamon color to white.
Flower colors range from white through shades of pink, lavender and red.  Used widely in the south, Crepe Myrtle can be grown here even though it may suffer in severe winters.
Dr. Donald Egolf at the National Arboretum set out to bring some of the best characteristics of L. indica (China‑Korea} and L. faurlei (Japan) into many crosses he made to produce some of the introductions from that institution.‑ As you will find, most of his introductions bear Indian names.  Listed below are a few of the types:

Pecos 		5‑10' Color: medium pink. Leaves fall color: purple to red.
Tonto  		5 ‑ 10'  Color: red. Leaves fall color: bright maroon.
Osage	 	10‑20' Color: clear pink. Leaves fall color: red to dark red. Bark: chestnut brown
Lipan	 	10‑20'  Color: medium lavender. Leaves fall color: orange.
Natchez 	20' Color: white. Leaves fall color: red‑orange. Bark: cinnamon brown. 
Tuscarora 	20' Color: dark pink. Leaves fall color: orange‑red. Bark: light brown

Meddlesome Weeds
By Adelaide Rackemann
Interfering with carefully planted trees, whether along a city street or in one's own backyard, are many weeds.  The worst weeds are the vines, such as Japanese honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica; and poison ivy, Rhus radicans.  Lonicera japonica 'Halliana', sometimes called Hall's Honeysuckle, is a vine that has escaped cultivation and‑ is both vigorous and twining ‑‑ sometimes killing the plants about which it twines. Originally from Japan, it has managed to cover a good part of the country, especially on the East coast. It is hardy to Zone 4. The only good thing about it is the fragrance of the flowers.  But this hardly warrants keeping it. Pulling it out by its roots is the best way to get rid of it.  Using a chemical spray may damage a tree that needs protection.
Poison ivy is native to the eastern United States and is found nearly everywhere ‑‑ along roads, over fences, and, worst of all, up trees. It should be easily recognized when its shiny leaves, each with three leaflets, show themselves. Unfortunately, lots of people don't recognize it and suffer as a result.  It is extremely poisonous.  Touching it, even being close to smoke from burning it, may produce a painful and long‑lasting rash. The best time to pull it out ‑‑ and then only with heavy gloves and long sleeves and long pants ‑‑ is in the winter. If using chemical sprays on poison ivy when it is growing on a choice tree, be careful.
Another vine that has become a real pest and can cover trees is Asiatic Ampelopsis, Ampelopsis brevipedunuaulata.  A member of the grape family, it is native to China and has escaped from cultivation. It is found from New England and Ohio southward.  It has pointed, three lobe leaves, and a fruit that is inedible but quite beautiful ‑‑ light blue becoming dark and sometimes purple.  One of its common names is Porcelain Vine. Unfortunately it is stout and vigorous, but should certainly be pulled out when seen.
Still another vine that qualifies as a meddlesome weed is Bitter Nightshade, Solanum dulcamara.  This has become naturalized in North America, although it came originally from Europe, northern Africa and western Asia.  Like the Asiatic Ampelopsis, the berries are eaten by birds and thereby spread everywhere.  The flowers are violet‑purple, and the berries a conspicuous red.  Interestingly, it is a member of the potato family, which includes such edible fruit as tomato, but also includes poisonous fruits, of which Bitter Nightshade is one.
This by no means exhausts the list of undesirable vines, but it should be noted that other weeds can be meddlesome, too.  For example, tall plants such as common Pokeberry, Phytolacca americanum, can be too close to a tree.  Tall and solidly rooted, it can take nourishment away from the tree and certainly spoil your view of a tree.  The root is poisonous as are the berries.  The young leaves are sometimes cooked and served like spinach. The reddish‑purple juice from the berries was used by the early settlers as ink.
Rosa multiflora, the Japanese rose, is one of our most persistent woody weeds.  While it is one of the parents of the modern rambler rose, and used as understock on which to graft other roses, it is a plant that has overtaken many fields and woods as well as gardens.  It has a dense and arching habit of growth, can attain a height of ten feet and grows quickly.  It is a good example of a plant brought into this country for a useful purpose ‑‑ hedgerows for farmers ‑‑ that is out of control.
But while exotic plants may cause trouble and become meddlesome weeds, our native poison ivy and pokeweed or pokeberry cause trouble, too.

Mulching Your Trees 
 by Chris Stuhlinger
Mulching is one of the easiest ways to help young trees become established and grow. Mulch can be any soil covering used for weed control, moisture retention, and similar purposes, and can be a tree's best friend if used properly. Mulch can benefit larger trees, also.

Mulches can be either organic or inorganic. Organic mulches include bark (shredded or nuggets), wood chips, composted leaves and yard waste, pine needles, straw, grass clippings, and shredded newspaper. Composted leaves and grass clippings tend to decompose more rapidly than bark mulches. Inorganic mulches include stone materials such as decorative gravel and crushed lava.
Benefits of mulching your trees include keeping moisture in the ground to prevent the soil from drying out by reducing evaporation, preventing grass and weeds from growing around the tree and thereby keeping lawnmowers and string trimmers away from the stem (prevents lawn mower blight), preventing soil erosion and compaction improving the aesthetic appearance of the tree site, and moderating the soil temperature to protect roots. Water and nutrients are transported up and down a tree stem just inside the bark, so any bark damage by equipment can kill a tree. Organic mulches also return nutrients to the soil as the mulch breaks down and improve the soil.
Apply mulch to a young tree immediately after planting, and then add sufficient mulch periodically thereafter to maintain an adequate layer. Use enough mulch to cover the rooting area of young trees. Spread mulch in a circle with a 2 to 3 foot radius around the tree, and 2 to 4 inches deep. The mulch should not touch the stem of the tree, but rather be kept several inches away. The resulting mulched area should resemble a doughnut, with the tree stem growing through the doughnut hole. Piling too much mulch around the base of a tree has absolutely no benefit, is a waste of time and money, and can be harmful to the tree. The resulting mountain of mulch only encourages root growth into the mulch, causes damage to the stem, inhibits air exchange and encourages rodent and insect damage. A mulch bed more than 4 inches deep is not necessary.
Over time, organic mulches can become compacted, and should be loosened with a rake periodically. Add fresh mulch as the existing mulch decomposes to maintain a 2 to 4 inch layer. Hardwood bark mulches have usually been aged or composted, and can be dyed in various colors. Wood chips that are very fresh may cause a temporary nitrogen deficiency as the decomposition process begins, but will actually add nutrients in the long‑term. Some nitrogen fertilizer might have to be added if large amounts of fresh chips are used.
Sources of mulch can vary, including a local garden center, tree trimming companies and local landfills. Yard waste, and also Christmas trees, are sometimes composted or chipped at landfills and become available as mulch for local residents. Mulch is available for Baltimore County residents at the Eastern Sanitary Landfill off Pulaski Highway in White Marsh. Call 410 887‑2000 for more information. Organizations conducting community plantings in Baltimore City can call the City's Forestry Division at 410 396 6108 for assistance with obtaining mulch.

Careers Workshop Scholarships 
Two scholarships are available for this year’s Awareness Week for Forestry and Natural Resource Careers Workshop.	The workshop is sponsored by the Maryland Association of Forest Conservancy District Boards and the Maryland DNR. The student’s expenses will be paid by the Baltimore City Forestry Board.
The workshop, located at Camp Hickory in Garrett County, will be held the week of July 30‑ August 3, 2001. Two students will be selected from each county and Baltimore City to represent that area's Forest Conservancy District Board.  The 48 students, working in small groups, will be led by approximately fifteen professional foresters and environmental specialists.  The students will have an opportunity to handle technical equipment and participate in tree climbing, water testing, animal tracking, map and compass use and fire control.
Call 410 665 5991 for more information

Coming Events
Arbor Day, Cylburn, April 11 ‑ 10 a.m. ‑2:30 p.m.  Arboretum, 4915 Greenspring Avenue.  Tree planting, program by local school children, and demonstration of arborist practices.  Call: 410-367 ‑2217 for information.

Herring Run Spring Fest, April 28,  Belair Road & Shannon Drive in Herring Run Park.  Hours are 10 -4. Environmental exhibits, tree planting, entertainment. Call Richard Hersey, 410‑254‑1577 for information. (www.Herringrun.org)

Market Day, Cylburn, May 12 ‑ 8 a.m. ‑ 2 p.m.  Arboretum.  Plants and crafts for sale.  Food available.  Entertainment. $2 donation asked for parking.  Call: 410‑367‑2217 for information. 

Flower Mart, May l6, rain date May 17, 11 a.m.- 8 p.m.   Mt. Vernon Square.  Flowers, crafts, HATS, peppermint‑lemon sticks, crab cakes, entertainment.  Concert 6 p.m. to 8 p.m.  Call: Carol Karcher Purcell, 410 ‑ 323 ‑ 0022 for information.

Baltimore Herb Festival, May 26 ‑ 10 a.m. ‑ 5 p.m. Crimea Mansion, Leakin Park, 1901 Eagle Drive.  Herbs for sale, lectures, exhibits, herbed food.  Admission charge: $4.  Call: 410‑448‑1281 for information.	

The Baltimore City Forestry Board will take part in all these events, and have seedlings and small trees available (donations requested).

Tree Facts
By Chris Stuhlinger
Trees are the biggest living things. A sequoia can weigh 1000 tons (2,000,000 pounds) and grow over 350 feet tall.
Ginkgo trees provided food for dinosaurs, and yet they can still be found along Baltimore's streets today.
The single oldest living thing on Earth is a tree, a 4700 year old bristlecone pine growing in California. It was growing when the Egyptians built the pyramids.
Mankind has destroyed one third of the world's forest 5.1 acres of forest is destroyed every second.
About 90 percent of Maryland's forests are privately owned.
Trees and other natural vegetation help reduce stress and anxiety in individuals.
Up to 90 percent of a tree's roots, including the fine feeder roots that gather nutrients, are in the top 12‑18 inches of soil.
The root spread of a tree is usually 1‑2 times tree height.
 One large sugar maple can remove the airborne lead emitted by cars burning 1000 gallons of gasoline.
One tree can absorb 50 pounds of particulates per year.
Maryland is currently about 42 percent forested.
The Baltimore City Forestry Board is a partner in Revitalizing Baltimore, a project jointly funded by the U.S. Forest Service and managed by the Parks and People Foundation in cooperation with the Maryland State Forester.

The Baltimore City Forest Conservancy District Board is an advocacy panel to the Maryland Department of Natural Resources‑Forest, Wildlife and Heritage Service.
Board: 
Richard Edson, Chairman
Meredith P. Millspaugh, Vice chairman
Tom Green, Treasurer
Ken Williams
Russ Moss
Gerard Moudry
Adelaide Rackemann
Bob Adams
Associate members:
Gary Letteron
Ann Lundy
Sandra Sparks
Robert Black
Technical Advisors:
Chris Stuhlinger, Secretary
Md. DNR  Forest Service
Marion Bedingfield, Forestry Section
Department of Public Works
Mike Grant, Executive Director, State Association
Md DNR ‑ Forest Service
Joe Burch, Forestry Section, Department of Public Works

For more board information, contact Richard Edson: phone 410 662 0905
email: loopgaroo@email.msn.com

The Baltimore City Forestry Board web page is located at: http://www.baltocfb.sailorsite.net/BCFB.html